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1985-03-17
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10KB
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237 lines
NMI Version 1.01
Have you ever seen the message 'PARITY CHECK' on your display? If
you have, you've probably noticed that it always seems to happen at the
most inopportune time. You're cruising along putting the finishing
touches on something that you've worked long and hard, just to look up
from the keyboard to a blank display with only the words 'PARITY CHECK'
in the upper left corner. Your heart sinks into your shoes, your face
gets flush, and palms begin to sweat, as you try franticly to figure a
way out of this one... but you KNOW that you've lost everything! Your
only option is to power off and start over.
The IBM-PC is a great machine, and parity checking is a wonderful
concept, but I've always wished that I had been given a choice before
the machine was put to sleep. Even more, I've wished that somehow the
machine could have told me where it hurts before it died. I've never
gotten much of anything by wishing, so I sat down to attempt to remedy
the situation.
NMI is a resident program to replace the non-maskable interrupt
handler that the PC uses to handle parity errors. In the event of a
parity error, NMI will interrupt the currently executing program(s) and
begin testing memory, looking for the error. It will continue testing
until either it locates a failing address, or you interrupt it by
pressing a key. If a failure is located, NMI will display the failing
64K bank, exact memory address, and bit(s). You have the option to
continue or terminate testing. If you interrupt the memory test, or
elect not to continue testing after an error is detected, you are given
the options to return to the interrupted program(s) with or without
parity checking enabled, or to reboot the system.
The memory test is of a non-destructive type, in that it will
preserve the current contents of memory. It can be executed any time
without regard for concurrently executing processes. It's also a very
thorough test, reading and writing each byte of memory with several
different bit patterns and checking for parity errors following each
read or write operation. Every memory location is tested, including
the locations used by NMI.
This all sounds a bit like insurance doesn't it? It doesn't do you
a bit of good unless you have a tragedy on your hands. Well, I like
programs that you can play with, and since you've got this neat little
memory test just sitting there in memory, why not be able to use it?
NMI will execute the memory test any time you like, as many times as
you like!
If you're like me (a memory miser), the question in your mind right
now is... 'Just how much memory does this thing eat?'. The answer,
approximately 1.8K including the Program Segment Prefix and a normal
size environment. In English, that means about 1.8K TOTAL! Even I can
afford that.
NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt)
PROGRAM LOADING
---------------
NMI /N/I/T####
| | |
| | Test memory #### times.
| |
| | If the number of test repetitions is 0 or blank, then the
| | memory test loops indefinitely until an error is detected
| | or you interrupt it by pressing a key. This option may be
| | used to invoke the memory test from the command line or a
| | batch file. NMI need not be installed to run the memory
| | test.
| |
| Install NMI.
|
| This option must be selected the first time NMI is executed
| if you desire to replace the current non-maskable interrupt
| handler. It need not, and should not be specified again. |
|
No program logo display.
This option is selected to suppress display of the program
logo when NMI is installed.
* If no parameters are specified, or the specified parameters are
invalid, NMI will display the program logo followed by a summary of
valid parameters.
* Parameters need not be separated, however, they may be separated by
one or more spaces, tabs, commas, slashes, or semi-colons.
* Alphabetic parameters may be upper or lower case.
* Parameters may be entered in any order or combination so long as the
number of test repetitions follows the 'T' parameter and they are
not separated by another parameter.
NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt)
+--------------------------+
| TESTING ####K MEMORY |
| Bank Bit Address |
| 00 P76543210 0000:0000 |
| 0000 Passes |
+--------------------------+
When the memory test is invoked, either as the result of a parity
error, or from the command line, the above window will be displayed in
the upper left corner of the screen. This window indicates the size of
the memory being tested, as sensed by NMI, the 64K bank currently being
tested, and the number of successful test repetitions. In the interest
of speed, the 'Address' field is updated only for each 64K bank in this
window. The 'Bit' field is used to indicate failing bits and will not
change unless an error is detected.
If the 'Esc' key is pressed, the memory test will be terminated with
parity checking enabled, and control passed to the interrupted process.
Any other key will exit the memory test and display the termination
options.
The memory test takes approximately 35 seconds per 64K bank, longer
depending upon other system activity.
+--------------------------+
| ** ERROR DETECTED ** |
| Bank Bit Address |
| 00 P76543210 0000:0000 |
| Continue testing? _ |
+--------------------------+
In the event that an error is detected during the memory test, the
above window will be displayed. This window indicates the failing 64K
bank, exact address, and bit(s). Depending upon the display type and
video mode active at the time of the failure, the failing bit(s) will
be indicated either by blinking, or non-display. These bit(s) directly
correspond to the failing chip(s) in the indicated 64K bank.
Pressing 'Y' (or DDY) will continue the memory test starting with
the next byte. The number of successful passes will be reset to zero.
Pressing 'N' will exit the memory test and display the termination
options.
NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt)
+--------------------------+
| 1) Continue with parity |
| 2) Continue w/o parity |
| 3) Reboot system |
| Enter selection: _ |
+--------------------------+
The termination option window is displayed as a result of any key
other than 'Esc' being pressed during the memory test, or electing not
to continue testing following an error detection. Selecting option 1
will return to the interrupted process with parity checking enabled.
Selecting option 2 will resume the interrupted process without parity
checking. Option 3 will reboot the system. Pressing DDY will restart
the memory test.
RETURN CODES
------------
If NMI is invoked from within a batch file, or by another process, a
return code may be retrieved indicating any errors. For batch files,
the return code may be interrogated using the 'IF ERRORLEVEL' batch
subcommand. The following table indicates possible return codes for
the current release.
0 - Successful, no errors detected.
1 - Error detected in parameters, program aborted.
2 - NMI was invoked with the 'I' parameter, but is already
installed. Installation aborted.
4 - Memory test already active, no memory test performed. This
error can occur in multi-partition systems if memory test is
called while active in another partition.
It is possible for more than one error to be returned in the return
code. For example, a return code of 6 indicates both errors 2 and 4
occurred.
PROGRAM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
-----------------------------
Certain performance and function trade-offs are made in the design
of every program. These trade-offs are usually made in an attempt to
provide the most function within the constraints imposed by the
operating environment in which the program must run. In this case, the
following criteria were taken into consideration.
1) All resident programs must use the smallest possible amount of
memory.
2) During the memory test, it is assumed that a memory failure has
occurred. It is possible that the memory failure occurred in the
resident portion of DOS. For this reason, DOS function calls must
not be used within the resident NMI code.
No attempt is made to save and restore the contents of
graphics screens. This would have required additional code
and buffer space within the resident portion of the program.
If a disk file had been used to save the video buffer, DOS
function calls would have been required, increasing the
possibility of program check during the memory test.
3) The memory test should first attempt to find the failure using a
read operation, so that the original failure remains undisturbed.
If the read operation fails to produce the error, only then should
write operations be used. Furthermore, the failure should be
located in a single pass through memory, if possible. This method
will provide the best odds of locating an intermittent failure.
Memory test execution is slow, only because the test is
thorough.
g an intermittent fail